Jacques Cartier Essays - New France, 16th Century In Canada

Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier was born in St. Malo (France) in 1491. Not much is known of his life before 1534, when he departed on his first voyage. He was looking for a passage through or around North America to East Asia, as some had done before him, and many would after him. Though he undoubtedly made a voyage to the New World prior to 1534, probably in Brazil. In 1534, he was given a grant by King Francis I of France to search for the north west passage. Cartier explored the coast of Newfoundland, but found no passage leading westward. He made the crossing of the Atlantic in only twenty days, and landed on an island near the coast of Newfoundland, by then already much frequented by Breton fisherman. He sailed north, and entered the Straight of Belle Isle. He sailed into and named the gulf of St. Lawrence, sailed along the westcoast of Newfoundland, and crossed the Bay to the Magdalen Islands and Prince Edward Island, both of which he thought were part of the mainland. Then he went to Chaleur Bay and Gaspe? peninsula which he claimed for the French crown. There he saw 50 canoes filled with Micmac indians, who seemed friendly and greeted him with the words napeu tondamen assurtah (we want to make friendship). The next day the French and the Micmac traded and celebrated. Cartier explored the bay, being disappointed that it was not the straight to China he had hoped it to be. He also met a fishing party of 200 Hurons, led by their chief, Donnaconna. His sons, Domagaia and Taignagny, went to France with Cartier to become interpreters. Cartier explored Anticosti Islands and returned to France. As he had heared of a large river further to the west, and hoped it to be the sought-for northeast passage, Cartier departed on a second voyage in the next year. He sailed through the Strait of Belle Isle again, but this time followed the coast westward, and reached the St. Lawrence. He sailed upriver until the Huron village of Stadacona (at the location of present-day Quebec). Donnacona first greeted him friendly and solemnly, but refused to let him sail further west. Three medicin men dressed up as devils, and warned Cartier not to go further, but Cartier just laughed at it. He went further upriver, leaving the two Huron boys behind. He reached Hochelaga, another Huron village. Again their coming resulted in extensive festivities. Cartier climbed a mountain he called Mount R'eal (royal mountain), and was appointing when he saw the Lachine Rapids a bit upriver, which told him that this was not the passage to China. He spent the winter in Stadacona. During the winter his men suffered from scurvy, less than ten of his 110 men remained strong enough, and had to get food and water for all. Because he was afraid that the indians would attack if they learned that the French were ill, Cartier ordered his men to make noise when they were near. The expedition might well not have survived if it were not for Domagaia. Domagaia had scurvy too, but ten days later Cartier saw him healthy and well. Domagaia told him he had cured from the bark and needles of the white cedar tree. Just over one week later the tree was bare, but all Cartier's men were healthy again. The Hurons told him stories about a land in the north, called Saguenay, full of gold and other treasure. None of this was true of course, but the Hurons liked telling stories, and when they found the French liked stories of riches, they were happy to give them these. Willing to let king Francis I to hear about these stories, Cartier kidnapped Donnaconna and his sons, and took them with him to France. He wanted to make another expedition, this time to look for Saguenay, but because of a war with Spain, and the difficulties of preparing the voyage, he was not able to do so until 1541. This time Cartier would not be the sole leader of the expedition, but had to serve under Jean-Francois de la Rocque, sieur de Robervalas viceroy and commander in chief. He visited Stadacona, and built a fort near the mouth of the Saguenay. His men collected what they thought were diamonds and gold, but in reality were only quartz and iron pyrite (fool's gold). Cartier himself went west, looking for Saguenay, but got no further than Hochelaga. Back at his fort (called Charlesbourg-Royal) he spent

The 3 Sources of SAT Anxiety (and how to manage them)

The 3 Sources of SAT Anxiety (and how to manage them) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Standardized testing is always stressful, but there are few tests more nerve-wracking than the SAT. See the main reasons why the test freaks students out and what to do about it. ACT and SAT anxiety and worry can be conquered, and we show you how. Problem #1: High Stakes This one’s obvious: the SAT makes people nervous because it counts for so much. High school seniors face some of the most stressful transitions in lifethe last chance to do so many high school things (go to prom, help take the tennis team to regionals), plus all the scariness of applying to schools, keeping GPAs up, facing life without parents. It’s a lot to handle, so it’s crazy to throw all your SAT prep on there as well, especially if you are prone to anxiety. Solution #1: Take it early, and more than once. For maximum anxiety-reducing results, take the SAT for the first time a year before you have toin 11th gradeor even in 10th. Think of it as a test run, but do some prep beforehand. Then take it again in 12th grade if you need to, and by that point, it’ll seem like no big deal. (Or, at least, like less of a big deal.) If you’re taking Trigonometry, Calculus, or even Algebra II, you’re not learning anything in school that will help with the SAT Math section; that stuff happened in 7th-9th grades. As for Reading and Writing, the SAT tests specific enough skills that it probably won’t overlap much with what you’re doing in English class. But most importantly, when you take it a year early, you’re far away from the urgency of college applications; thus, your anxiety will be minimized, and you also learn how the process works so you can be more relaxed if and when you take it again later in the year. Problem #2: Secrecy The ETS runs the test like an NSA operationyou can’t even use mechanical pencils for fear you’ll sneak cheat sheets in. The requirements of photo IDs and not touching any belongings during the test can make some students feel like they’re under suspicion of something. But it’s really just a result of Problem #1: because the stakes are so high, people will go to any lengths to cheat on the test; the photo ID requirement, for example, is in response to people sending others in their place to take the test for them. Solution #2: Understand the ETS and the context of the test. The SAT has been around for almost 100 years, and for most of that time it was a very imperfect indicator of college readiness that was overused. Its imperfection, and its role in American higher education, are the reasons for the prison-lockdown style security around the test today. Tests make some people desperate, and to keep it fair, the ETS feels they need to respond to cheaters’ new methods. But you’re not a cheater, and you’re going to be ready, so you can ignore all the weird secrecy stuff and just pretend you’re fulfilling a requirement for school. Problem #3: Fear of the Unknown The SAT was designed to test aptitude (although it no longer claims to do so) without students knowing what they were being tested on. This means that the question types and answer choices can be totally baffling if you’re unfamiliar with them. That’s why even the College Board offers free practice materials. Solution #3: Prepare! Of course we at PrepScholar feel strongly about the benefits of SAT prep, but there are certain benefits of it, and of PrepScholar’s program specifically, that are undeniable. The main one is that, even if you just take one Practice Test, you’re more familiar with the format and material than you would be otherwise. Taking it a notch further, PrepScholar breaks the test down into specific skills that the SAT is testing, which removes much of the mystery from the test itself. And no two students are alikeone might have trouble with circles problems, while another may be great at circles but baffled by long passages in the Reading section. Our program only gives you lessons in the areas you need to improveautomatically. For other ideas for reducing test anxiety, see our post Mindfulness and the SAT, and if all this advice is too late for you because you’re taking the test in 2 weeks, check out our SAT Prep Tips for Last Minute Studying and Cramming. If you found this article useful, please consider joining our email list at right. Your information will never be shared or sold.

Friends and Amici

Friends and Amici Friends and Amici Friends and Amici By Maeve Maddox English boasts numerous words to convey aspects of friendship. Some are Germanic in origin and others, Latin. An early Old English word for friend was freond. The Beowulf poet tells us that Heorot (Hrothgar’s hall) was filled with friends: Heorot innan wà ¦s freondum afylled. The opposite of Old English freond was feond: â€Å"enemy.† In modern English, the word that initially referred to a human foe has developed into the word fiend: â€Å"an evil spirit.† In the most general sense, a friend is â€Å"a person with whom one has developed a close and informal relationship of mutual trust and intimacy.† In specific contexts, friend can refer to an ally in war, the supporter of a cause, or, with a capital, a Quaker (member of the religious Society of Friends). The adjective for friend is friendly: â€Å"characteristic of or befitting a friend or friends; that expresses or is indicative of friendship or a kind and helpful attitude.† Friendly is also used as a noun to mean â€Å"an ally.† In US colonial times, â€Å"a friendly† was an indigenous person who was on peaceful terms with the settlers. In modern military parlance, friendlies are troops on the side of one’s own forces or those of one’s allies. The abstract noun for the state of being a friend is friendship. The use of friend as a verb to describe the adding of a person to a list of social media contacts (dating from 2004) is still regarded as a barbarism by many English speakers, but friend was used as a verb as early as the 13th century. For several centuries, the verb befriend was in more common use, but the modern use of friend and unfriend as verbs is idiomatic. The use of friend in the context of social media does not negate the usefulness of befriend to refer to a genuine personal contact in which one person helps another. The Latin word for friend, amicus (plural, amici), has given English several additional words to convey cordial feelings: amiability noun: quality of being friendly amiable adjective: friendly amiably adverb: in a friendly manner amicability noun: friendliness amicable adjective: done in a friendly spirit amicably adverb: in a friendly manner amity noun: friendly relations, especially of a public character The legal term amicus curiae  (plural, amici curiae), literally â€Å"friend of the court,† refers to a person or group that is not a party to a lawsuit, but has a strong interest in the matter. An amicus curiae will petition the court for permission to submit a brief in the action with the intent of influencing the courts decision. A brief is a written statement that explains one sides legal and factual arguments. The brief submitted to the court by an amicus curiae is called â€Å"an amicus brief.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Social vs. Societal20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 9

Psychology - Essay Example 3. William Wundt founded structuralism. It focuses on breaking down mental processes into basic components. It is considered to be the first school of psychology. William James created functionalism and it focused on individual differences specifically focusing on the purpose of the consciousness and types of behavior. Lastly, the Gestalt school was focused on the opposite of structuralism in that they were more interested in the whole being the sum of its individual parts. 4. Anna Freud made significant contributions to the field of psychoanalysis like her father. She is considered to have started the field of psychoanalytic child psychology. June Etta Downey was an American psychologist who was one of the first to study personality from a scientific approach. Letta Stetter Hollingworth was feminist psychologist who was a pioneer in the field of women’s psychology. 5. Humanistic psychology emphasizes the will of the individual. People are capable of making choices, which influence their health and well being. Humanistic psychologists also take into consideration the effect that environment has on an individual. Behaviorism is based off observable behavior, which is what makes classical conditioning and operant conditioning a component of this theory. They also believe that all learning occurs through some form of observation. 6. Conscious thought processes are readily accessible to the person. This consists of the actions, cognitions, and beliefs, which are at the surface. Unconscious processes exist below the consciousness and are not accessible. Information from this level passes back and forth unknown to the person. Freud hypothesized that this information manifests itself in dreams. Unconscious processes cannot be observed directly, unlike conscious processes. 7. The first step for psychologists would be to determine what construct of love they would want to study.

Programming Language Ada 95 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Programming Language Ada 95 - Research Paper Example However, more than 450 programming languages were utilized to manage numerous working projects of Department of Defense but none of them was standardized. The main reason could be the absence of reusability. For these reasons, the Navy, Army and Air Force planned to build a high-level programming language especially for embedded systems (The Language Guide, 1997; Kempe, 1995). Thus, the Ada emerged as a programming language designed to facilitate the development of extremely reliable and long-standing embedded software systems. This language comprises capabilities to describe packages of associated objects, types and relevant operations. Additionally, the language packages can be classified and the types can be extended in order to facilitate the development of language libraries of adaptable and reusable software parts. In addition, these processes can be applied in forms of sub-programs with usual sequential programming control structures, or as accesses that comprise synchronizati on of simultaneous operational threads of control as a fraction of their invocation. Moreover, the programming language is capable of dealing with modularity in the physical way as well with a potential to up-hold split compilation (Kempe, 1995). This report will discuss different aspects of Ada95 programming language. ... In this programming language, different kinds of issue and error are indicated through exceptions and managed explicitly. Additionally, the programming language as well includes the features for system programming; which allows accurate control over the illustration of data and access to system reliant-properties. Most importantly, this programming language offers a comprehensive and predefined programming setting of standard packages comprising amenities for, among others, string handling, input-output, random number generation and numeric elementary functions (Kempe, 1995). HISTORY In 1970s, the United States DoD (Department of Defense) was worried due to a number of different programming languages being utilized for developing and managing its embedded systems and other computer system projects as well as most of them were outdated or hardware reliant and none of them allowed for safe modular programming. Thus, in year 1975, The Department of Defense formed a technology working gr oup known as High Order Language Working Group (HOLWG), with the intention of minimizing this figure by discoing or finding or developing a single technology based programming language which could be used to manage all the embedded systems. As a result Ada emerged (Kempe Software Capital Enterprises, 2011; Feldman, 1999; eNotes.com, Inc., 2011). In addition, Ada programming language greatly took attention of the programming community all through its early days. Its backers as well as others forecasted that it would become a leading language for wide-ranging principle programming as well as not immediately defense-related tasks. In this scenario, Ichbiah widely stated that within 10 years, just two programming languages would stay Ada and Lisp. In

Diagram of Generic Academic Performance Monitoring System Essay Example for Free

Diagram of Generic Academic Performance Monitoring System Essay Figure 2.0: Context Diagram of Generic Academic Performance Monitoring System The figure 2.0 represents the two (2) users of the Generic Academic Performance Monitoring System namely the Administrator and the Professor. The Administrator entity shows the capability to access the system; manage account by modifying account’s profile; managing member’s account such as creating new user profile and updating user profile; importing student list; creation of grade criteria; generating students grade report and updating website contents. The Professor entity shows the capability on accessing the system; managing account profile; importing student list; defining grade template for grading computation and generating student’s grade. Figure 3.0: First Entry Level Data Flow Diagram of Administrator’s Capabilities The figure 3.0 represents the First Entry Level Data Flow Diagram of the Administrator upon successfully logging-in into the Generic Academic Performance Monitoring System. He/she has the capabilities to manage modules such as handling member’s account, importing students list, creation of grade criteria, grade computation and updating website contents Figure 3.1: Second Entry Level Data Flow Diagram on Managing Account for Administrator The figure 3.1 shows the Second Entry Level Data Flow Diagram of the Administrator on managing members account wherein he/she has the capability to create account’s profile for new professor or associate. He/she also capable on updating existing member account. Figure 3.2: Second Entry Level Data Flow Diagram on Import Student List, Create Criteria, Grading and Website Modules for Administrator Figure 3.2 shows the continuation of the Second Entry Level Data Flow Diagram of the Administrator. Upon successfully accessing the system, he/she has the capability to import students list and create criteria template to be use for the student’s grade computations. The Administrator also has the  capibility to change or update website contents from client’s discretion. Figure 4.0: First Entry Level Data Flow Diagram for Professor’s Capabilities In the Figure 4.0 shown above, it represents the First Entry Level Data Flow Diagram of Professor in the Generic Academic Performance Monitoring System. Same with the Administrator user, the Professor also have the capabilities to update own account profile, import student lists and generate student’s grade summary. Figure 4.1: Second Entry Level Data Flow Diagram on Managing Account, Import Student Lists and Compute Grade Modules for Professor Figure 4.1 shown above presents the Second Entry Level Data Flow Diagram of the Professor upon successfully logging-in into the system. Same with the Administrator user, the Professor is also capable on modifying and updating account profile; importing student list; defining grade criteria template and generate grade summary of students.

Macbeth :: essays research papers

The notion of Macbeth being a good and noble man is indeed a matter in which great uncertainty arises; as is the notion that Macbeth was bought down by ‘his evil wife’. In Macbeth, one of Shakespeare’s’ most famous tragedies, I am uncertain of the character of Macbeth, as throughout the text, happenings which both support and put down the good character of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are apparent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the play, Macbeth seems to be true to the statement that he is a good and noble gentlemen, due to his brave acts in the war fought for his country. We hear Macbeth being referred to as “‘O valiant cousin! Worthy gentleman’(Act 1, Scene 2, Line 24) by King Duncan, who is considered noble and honest by all around him. In a retold story form of the play, the statement is made ; “It seemed that Scotland’s fate, the people’s lives, his own, were cradled in the vast courage of this warrior’s breast'; represents the picture painted of Macbeth early in the piece.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fact that Macbeth was chosen as Thane of Cowdor is another representation of the confidence that the king and the people of the time had in Macbeth’s character. When King Duncan announced Macbeth’s rise to Thane, he referred to him as “noble Macbeth';(Line 69)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first flaw we see in the character of Macbeth and the first signs of the evil power Lady Macbeth has over her husband, come late in the first act. In this part of the story (Act 1, Scene 5) Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are discussing the murder of King Duncan planned for that night. We hear of Macbeth’s uncertainty of committing the crime, however lady Macbeth taunts him until she convinces him to commit the murder. This shows the mental weakness in Macbeth’s character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The famous quote in Act 1 Scene 5 Line 42, where Lady Macbeth calls on the spirits to “fill me from crown to toe top-full of direst cruelty!'; shows the definite malevolent and evil characteristics Lady Macbeth possesses. As it was Lady Macbeth’s idea to Kill King Duncan, we establish at this point in the story that Lady Macbeth undoubtedly has an evil control over her husband ; Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the first murder, we see the extreme unease Macbeth has about the crime which he is about to commit. Macbeth hallucinates (sees a vision) of the murder weapon before his eyes.

Business Process in a Hotel

Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL MIROSLAV DRLJACA, MSc, Researcher Zagreb Airport, Ltd. , Zagreb, Croatia METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL UDC 65. 012. 4:640. 4 Preliminary communication Requests of interested parties, amongst which the customer has the central position, are starting points of quality management system that complies with requirements of ISO 9000ff international norms.Regardless of the fact whether we want to arrange hotel management system to meet the requirements of these norms, one should be able to recognize exact requests of interested parties, especially of the customer of services. Correct recognition of these requests presents the beginning of quality system management in a hotel. In order to fulfill the expectations and requests of guest, the management system in a hotel must be developed, documented, implemented and managed in such way to ensure realisation of the actual and foreseen guests' requests.Function structure of hotel organisation will not be sufficient for a long-run achievement of this goal. Classic structural model of hotel organisation must be upgraded through developed, documented and implemented business processes. In order to run hotel successfully, numerous interrelated activities must be defined and managed. The application of business process systems in the hotel, their definition and interaction, together with the management, can be defined as process approach.Business processes are one of structural elements of hotel management system. If they are not developed, documented and implemented, we can justly ask whether hotel management system is capable of meeting requests of interested parties. For running businesses, as well as hotels, there are three characteristic types of business processes: core business processes, management business processes and support processes.Scientists and expe rts do not agree about generally accepted methodology of business process modelling. This paper accepts a hypothesis saying that a good methodology is the one which enables managing of business process in a way to ensure the fulfillment of interested parties' requests, specifically the requests of guest. Key words: process, methodology of business process modelling, process approach. INTRODUCTIONDespite the fact that only a small number of hotel industry representatives in Croatia possess ISO 9001 certificate as international confirmation of requested quality level of management system, the idea of quality, as marketing orientation, as business 752 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL philosophy and everyday practice, is more and more existing in hotel industry. Independently of the degree of awareness of hotel management, business processes can be developed in any of the following ways: 1) in a long-established manner – which is based on „know-howâ€Å" of the most important parametres of business processes, with interventions only in situations when reliability of business process is seriously affected, 2) without any control, when in extreme cases the business process develops in completely uncontrollable conditions, 3) in partly controllable conditions – characterized by business process model according to chosen methodology, in conditions which are controlled in the same amount as the basic parametres that define them, and 4) in completely controlled conditions – those business processes whose basic parametres of definition are under complete control. 2 In order to create completely controlled environment for developing of usiness process in a hotel, it is necessary that hotel business processes be: 1) named, 2) described, 3) structurised/organised, 4) controlled, 5) managed, and 6) always improving. In order to fulfil it, hot el business processes need to be conceived, i. e. developed according to chosen methodology. The problem lies in the fact that ISO 9001:2000 norm (Quality Management Systems – Requirements) requires the proof that business processes are managed, but methodology of business processes developing is not being suggested. 3 The choice of methodology, and often its definition, is left to be made by hotel management. 1. DEFINITION OF TERM „PROCESSâ€Å" The word „processâ€Å" evolves from Latin word „procedereâ€Å", which originally means „moveâ€Å" or „go aheadâ€Å".This word form was followed by noun „processusâ€Å", which is translated as „processâ€Å" and means „ †¦ a series of actions, phases or events, development (in any direction or form) and transformation (inputs > outputs) of anything that was took under consideration (element, structure, sub-system, system, etc. ). â€Å" 1 2 3 ISO 9001 certificate, inter national confirmation of requested quality level of management system, acquired the following hotel industry representatives in Croatia: (in 1999: Hotel Excelsior in Dubrovnik, Hotels Maestral – Hotel Komodor in Dubrovnik; in 2000: Vodicanka Tours – Hotel Punta in Vodice, during change of owners did not retain the certificate, and Hotels Argentina in Dubrovnik).Basic parametres of definition of business processes are: a) object of activity (material, information, product, service and similar), b) frequency of operation (continually, sometimes only once, and similar), c) area of activity (state, city, company/organisation, part of company, and similar. ), d) manner of operation (usual, uncontrollable, in partly controllable conditions, in completely controllable conditions). At writing about methodology of business process development the authors avoid presenting final solutions, because methodology of business process development represent intellectual ownership (know how) of the author or consultant. Rare examples in Croatian literature are: Ivan Mamuzic, â€Å"Procesni pristup u sustavu upravljanja kvalitetom†, Kvaliteta, Broj 3, Infomart, Zagreb, 2002, p. -4, in which author presents possible methodology of business process development and shows part of diagram of process flow; Miroslav Drljaca, â€Å"Proces kao ishodiste modela ISO 9001:2000†, Kvaliteta, Broj 3, Infomart, Zagreb, 2002, p. 5-6, in which the author presents methodology of business process development and shows break-up of one business process; Zivko Kondic, Kvaliteta i ISO 9000, Tiva, Varazdin, 2002; and partly: Nenad Vulic, Sustavi upravljanja kvalitetom, Veleuciliste u Splitu, Split, 2001. Total presentation of methodology of business process development is written in: Nenad Injac i Marko Besker, Metodologija izgradnje poslovnih procesa u sustavu kvalitete, Oskar, Zagreb, 2003. 753 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drlja ca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL Figure 1. Process presentationRULES AND CONTROLS INPUT TRANSFORMATION AREA OUTPUT MECHANISMS Process can be also defined as â€Å"a course, evolution or manner through which something was born or transformed, it is a development, a procedure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ 4 HRN EN ISO 8402:1996 norm defines the process as a â€Å"group of mutually independent resources and actions which transform input elements into output elements. †5 Transformation of input elements into output is in fact a transformation of one into the other. Each process thus becomes unique and special. Transformation of input into output is a system of complex interactions of operations and resources. It is a technology. It is â€Å"know how. International norm ISO 9000:2000 defines the process as „group of connected or mutually dependent activities which transform input into results. â€Å"6 The application of process system in a company, its definitio n and mutual interaction, as well as the management of process system – can be called „process approach. â€Å"7 The process approach has the advantage of permanent managing of links between – particular processes (within the process structure), which is the structural element of hotel management system, – and – combination and mutual interaction of these elements. 8 When applied in the hotel quality management system, this process approach underlines the importance of the following: ? understanding and meeting of guest's requests, need of supervision of business processes in value added conditions; ? achieving results of business processes and their efficiency, and 4 5 6 7 8 Zelimir Domovic, Sime Anic i Nikola Klaic, Rjecnik stranih rijeci, SANI-PLUS, Zagreb, 1998, p. 1163. HRN EN ISO 8402 Quality management and quality assurance – Vocabulary, (ISO 8402:1994; EN ISO 8402:1995), Quadrilingual version. International norm HRN EN ISO 9000:2002 Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary (ISO 9000:2000, EN ISO 9000:2000), Version quadrilingue, p. 40. International norm HRN EN ISO 9001:2002 Quality management systems – Requirements (ISO 9001:2000, EN ISO 9001:2000), p. 14.Except process structure, structural elements of management system of every company, a hotel as well, are: 1) strategic documents of company (mission, vision, strategy, politics, general and special managerial aims), 2) organisation, 3) resources, 4) partnerships, and 5) communication and notification. 754 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL ? permanent improvement of business processes, based on impartial estimation. Regardless of many possible types of business processes, and many diversities of process structures, all business processes in hotel can be divided into three types: ? management processes, ? core processes, ? sup port processes. Figure 2.Three types of business processes Management processes Guest' s request Core business processes Guest' s satisfaction Support processes Source: Martyn A. Ould, Business Processes, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, England, UK, 1995, p. 2. Many industries have more than one core or „macroâ€Å" group of business processes, including: management of business system, management of resources, realisation of products and services, measurement and control. 9 Management business processes are important for progress of core business processes, as well as of support process. These are business processes of development, planning, quality management and management of hotel organisation.Because of entirety and directions of their influence onto core business processes – Management business processes are called – vertical processes. Core business processes are focused on the achievement of satisfaction of customers, (buyers/users), i. e. hotel guests . They directly add new value to the product, meaning service. They meet requests of hotel guests and are generator of their 9 Herbert C. Monnich, Jr. , ISO 9001:2000 for Small and Medium Sized Businesses, American Society for Quality, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, 2001, p. 3. 755 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL contentment.Core business processes, processes of fulfillment or realization, are business processes whose result – in form of product or service has direct value confirmation on the market. The plan and the product in their creation are in core business processes strongly integrated. Core business processes are called – horizontal processes. Figure 3. Interactivities of different types of business process Management processes (vertical) Core processes (horizontal) Support processes (vertical) Support processes which are also called logistical or resourceful business processes, are directed towards producing satisfaction of internal users within hotel organisational structure. They are able to create added value for the guest.However, this influence on making added value is indirect and is fulfilled through support of core business processes. Support processes are auxiliary business processes and represent a support to core business processes. With regard to direction of activities onto core business processes, they are also called – vertical processes. Numerous management, core and support processes develop within this process structure simultaneously. They have a series of interactions. Each interaction in certain measure affects the business process result in terms of meeting the guests' requests. 2. BUSINESS PROCESSES IN A HOTEL „Complete work process of a hotel consists of processes of production activities and service activities.Purpose of production activities is rendering of services which have product characterist ics, like: various food, beverages that are specifically prepared, bread, desserts, and similar. Purpose of service activities is providing guests with: accommodation, serving of meals and beverages, entertainment, sale of goods, various handicraft-and-services, laundry washing, ironing, and similar. â€Å"10 „Process contains all activities linked into a chain. It starts with defining of all possible needs a 10 Ivanka Avelini Holjevac, Kontroling – Upravljanje poslovnim rezultatom, Sveuciliste u Rijeci, Hotelijerski fakultet Opatija, Opatija, 1998, p. 379. 756Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL guest (tourist, buyer, etc. ) may have during the trip, until return, only with aim that all guests' needs are met. â€Å" 11 Table 1. Types of business processes in a hotel 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Process of hotel management. Process of planning. Process of development. Pro cess of marketing. Process of quality management. Process of environment management. Process of social responsibility management. Process of security/safety at work management. 1. Process of producing food and beverages which are specifically prepared. 2. Process of serving meals and beverages. 3.Process of reception and accommodation of guests. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Process of human resources management. Process of financial management. Process of infrastructure maintenance. Process of information management. Process of purchase. Process of sale. Management business processes in a hotel. Core business processes in a hotel. Support processes in a hotel. At identifying of business processes in a hotel and dividing them into types, it is necessary to avoid identification of business function and business process in a hotel. Essential differences are at least these that follows: ? business function is static category, while business process is dynamic category, business function is mostly operated within one structural hotel unit, and is usually named after it, while process implies more participants from more structural hotel units, ? business function is operated within hotel, while process can have participants from outside of hotel structural organisation, but who are important for progress of concrete business process, 11 Zdenko Cerovic, Hotelski menadzment, Sveuciliste u Rijeci, Fakultet za turisticki i hotelski menadzment Opatija, Opatija, 2003, p. 415. 757 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL ? ? ? . business function is run by functional manager, and process is run by business process manager, and identification of these roles must not be a rule but an exception, business process is one of the possible inner aspects of supervision of costs, quality costs as well, while function is not, due to all these differences, function is a narrower concept than busine ss process. METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT Basic task of hotel management during of business processes development is in fact establishing, directing and describing of events during transformation process of input into output. In order this task could be accomplished, we ust have suitable methodology of business process development within the quality system. Different companies use dissimilar methodologies. Modelling of methodology in great measure depends on knowledge about quality management. Regardless of which methodology is used by teams who developing business processes, they should remain consistent when they apply it in developing all business processes in a hotel. Hotel management must create its own methodology or choose already existing methodology of business process development. Teams for business process development in practice often encounter the problem of verification of correctness of their own solutions. This paper presents one of the possible approac hes. 3. 1.Identification of the process is initial task in business process developing and demands (from the team): naming of the process, appointing of the leader (manager) of business process, defining of its objective(s), defining of input and output requests, description of mechanisms, rules and controls. Afterwards, they must determine outer and inner users of business process results, as well as designate process steps as consisting parts of the business process. 3. 2. Diagram of the context is simple display of business process at the highest level from which an interaction can be seen: rules, controls and mechanisms during transformation of input into output. 3. 3. Display of static model of business process presents logical sequence of process steps development as consisting parts of the business process.This phase of business process development identifies structural units where individual process step develops, and locates control points at which measurements will be perf ormed – and thus manage the business process. 3. 4. Description of the process describes requests that result from requests and needs of guests, then from specifications, norms, regulations, elaborations, methods and resources. Here are also identified requests, objectives and descriptions of their fulfillment, as well as allowed deviations. By defining of allowed deviations we in fact determine the minimum quality level of business process. 758 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL Figure 4. Diagram of the contextRULES AND CONTROLS GUEST' S REQUEST PROCESS OF RECEPTION AND ACCOMMODATION OF GUESTS A- 0 GUEST' S SATISFACTION MECHANISMS 3. 5. Diagram of decomposition of business process is methodologically confirmed graphical representation of the process with all its consisting parts – process steps. It represents logical sequence of process steps development. It specif ies input, rules and controls, mechanisms and output of each process step. Diagram of decomposition represents a technology. It shows process of reception and accommodation of guests per process steps that logically develop in sequence. At least one exit from a process step is also an entry into the next.Process steps in the process of reception and accommodation of guests are identified as follows: 759 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL Figure 5. Decomposition of process of reception and accommodation of guests Refusal of request Guest' s request ANALYSIS OF GUEST' S REQUEST A-01 ACCOMODATION OF GUEST A-03 RECEPTION OF GUEST A-02 Accommodated guest Orders to departments Invoice issued to guest Invoice forwarded to Financ. Dept. HANDLING OF GUEST A-04 Fulfillment of guest's request CHARGEING AND GREETING OF GUEST A-05 Fulfillment of requests FINAL ACTIVITIES A-06 ReportsNew proce ss cycle A-0. 1 Analysis of guest' s request A-0. 2 Reception of guest A-0. 3 Accommodation of guest A-0. 4 Handling of guest A-0. 5 Charging of services and greeting of guest A-0. 6 Final activities 3. 6. Description of process steps must specify input, output, mechanisms, rules and controls of each process step, as well as locate structural hotel unit in which certain process step develops. Also, written procedure is named, if any of process steps should be additionally documented. 3. 7. Presentation of dynamic model of the process is plan of implementation of developed business process into functional structure of organization of the hotel.The plan shows in which structural hotel unit develop activities of each process step, and which unit of organization is responsible for their execution. Making of presentation of dynamic model business process is a precondition of the process organisation itself. 760 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. D rljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL Figure 6. Dynamic model of process of reception and accommodation of guests Partners Financial Division Human Resources Div. Accommodation D. Reception Accommodation Divis. Food & bever. Division Commercial Division Controlling Quality Manager Process steps General Manager Structural units Analysis of guest's request A-01 Reception of guest A-02 Accommodation of guest A-03Handling of guest A-04 Charging of services and greeting of guest A-05 Final activities A -06 3. 8. Establishing of responsibility for the process is logical continuation of work on business process development. It implies exact establishment of responsibility of concrete executor of individual process step. After establishment of responsibility, the conditions for establishment of management team for concrete process are prepared. Management team is headed by manager of business process. In this way we model process organisation, based on team work. 12 3. 9. Plan of measuring within the process is based on description of business process, i. . defined limits of allowed deviations, up to which business process still shows reliability as one of its crucial characteristics. The plan of measuring defines names of control points where certain measurements will be performed. It also defines target value, allowed deviations and measuring method. By all these measurements, comparisons with target values, and possible application of corrective measures and activities – we manage the business process. 12 Pere Sikavica, â€Å"Procesna i timska organizacija†, Slobodno poduzetnistvo, br. 18/98, Zagreb, 1998, p. 108116. 761 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M.Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL 3. 10. Plan of providing information within process is necessary in order to clearly define: which participant of business process provides the information, who receives it , what is its contens, and when is the information sent and received. 3. 11. Making of further process documentation implies writing of procedures for particular process step which definitely needs it, and writing of lower level documents, like work instructions, check lists, plans of corrective measures and activities, etc. CONCLUSION In the audit of quality of hotel management system it is necessary to document and prove the request for business process management.Since this is the requirement of ISO 9001:2000 international norm, and only four representatives of hotel industry in Croatia have certificates related to this international norm, it is justified to ask: which methods were used in hotels to name, describe and organise structural units of business processes, and how were these business processes controlled, managed and constantly improved. In the economy branches, which are the core of tourist industry, the most successful companies, except for food-and-beverages industry , do not have certificates. There is a limited number of companies which possess international certificates, amongst which are: retail trading, hotel industry, road transport and manufacture of furniture. Therefore, repeatedly, the question is put: can we create development strategy for Croatian tourism without developed strategy of these economy branches that realise part of revenue resulting from tourists' expenses. There are no ready universal solutions.Imitating of another company's solutions or adoptions of lesser adjustments of these solutions as their own optimum solutions are – delusions, and in practice will be causing entropy. Every business process is different. It can even have the same name, same number and same names of process steps, same inputs and outputs, but still there are no identical business processes. Differences and originalities are happening in the interaction of inputs and outputs, rules, and controls, as well as mechanisms in each process step â⠂¬â€œ in the area of transformation of inputs into outputs. In the context of quality management systems we may conclude that ISO 9001:2000 international norm does not suggest methodology of business process development, but demands the proof that business processes are being managed.It can be concluded that every methodology of business process developing is satisfactory, if it can prove the management of processes. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Avelini Holjevac, Ivanka, Kontroling – Upravljanje poslovnim rezultatom, Sveuciliste u Rijeci, Hotelijerski fakultet Opatija, Opatija, 1998. Cerovic, Z. , Hotelski menadzment, Sveuciliste u Rijeci, Fakultet za turisticki i hotelski menadzment Opatija, Opatija, 2003. Domovic, Z. , Anic S. i N. Klaic, Rjecnik stranih rijeci, SANI-PLUS, Zagreb, 1998. Drljaca, M. , „Proces kao ishodiste modela ISO 9001:2000â€Å", Kvaliteta, Broj 3, Infomart, Zagreb, 2002. Drljaca, M. , „Konzistentnost kvalitete i poslovne uspjesnosti u Hrvatsko jâ€Å", Zbornik radova 7.Simpozija Hrvatskog drustva menadzera kvalitete Kvaliteta nas izbor za buducnost, Oskar, Zagreb, Sibenik, 2005. 762 Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry, pp. 752-763 M. Drljaca: METHODOLOGY OF BUSINESS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN A HOTEL 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. HRN EN ISO 8402 Quality management and quality assurance – Vocabulary, (ISO 8402:1994; EN ISO 8402:1995), Quadrilingual version. International norm HRN EN ISO 9000:2002 Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary (ISO 9000:2000, EN ISO 9000:2000), Version quadrilingue. International norm HRN EN ISO 9001:2002 Quality management systems – Requirements (ISO 9001:2000, EN ISO 9001:2000). Injac, N. i M.Besker, Metodologija izgradnje poslovnih procesa u sustavu kvalitete, Oskar, Zagreb, 2003. Kondic, Z. , Kvaliteta i ISO 9000, Tiva, Varazdin, 2002. Mamuzic, I. , „Procesni pristup u sustavu upravljanja kvalitetomâ€Å", Kvaliteta, Broj 3, Infomart, Zagreb, 2002. Monnich C. H. , Jr. , ISO 9001:2000 for Small and Medium Sized Businesses, American Society for Quality, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, 2001. Ould A. M. , Business Processes, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, England, UK, 1995. Sikavica, P. , â€Å"Procesna i timska organizacija†, Slobodno poduzetnistvo, Broj 18, Zagreb, 1998. Vulic, N. , Sustavi upravljanja kvalitetom, Veleuciliste u Splitu, Split, 2001. 763

Glorious Revolution

Factsheet G4 General Series August 2010 House of Commons Information Office The Glorious Revolution Contents Introduction 2 Events of 1685 – 1689 2 1685: succession of James II 2 1686: repeal of the Test Acts 2 1687: Declaration of Indulgence 3 1688: the Glorious Revolution 3 1689: Bill of RIghts 4 Historical Interpretations 4 Appendix A 6 The Declaration of Rights: February 13 1689 6 Further reading 8 Contact information 8 Feedback form 9 The term Glorious Revolution refers to the series of events in 1688-89 which culminated in the exile of King James II and the accession to the throne of William and Mary.It has also been seen as a watershed in the development of the constitution and especially of the role of Parliament. This Factsheet is an attempt to explain why. This Factsheet is available on the internet through: http://www. parliament. uk/about/how/guides/facts heets1/ August 2010 FS No. G4 Ed 3. 2 ISSN 0144-4689  © Parliamentary Copyright (House of Commons) 2002 May b e reproduced for purposes of private study or research without permission. Reproduction for sale or other commercial purposes not permitted. 2 The Glorious Revolution House of Commons Information Office Factsheet G4Introduction The Glorious Revolution is a term used to describe the peaceful way in which Parliament asserted its rights over the monarchy in 1688. This Factsheet begins with a chronology of the events that took place between 1685 and 1689 starting with the death of Charles II and culminating in the Bill of Rights in 1689. The Factsheet then looks at some historical interpretations of these events. Events of 1685 – 1689 1685: succession of James II On 6 February Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother, the Catholic James II.In spite of widespread fears of Catholicism, and the previous attempts which had been made to exclude James II from the throne, the succession occurred without incident. In fact on 19 May, when James's Parliament met, it was overwhelmin gly loyalist in composition. The House voted James for life the same revenues his brother had enjoyed. Indeed after the suppressed invasions by the Dukes of Argyle and Monmouth1, the Commons voted additional grants, accompanied by fervent protestations of loyalty.However, this fervour did not last. When the House was recalled after the summer, James asked the Commons for more money for the maintenance of his standing army. He further antagonised them by asking for the repeal of the Test Acts. These were the 1673 Acts that required office holders to prove that they were not Catholics by making a declaration against transubstantiation2. Between 12 and 19 November Parliament declined to repeal the Acts and refused the extra money.In their reply to the King's speech parliament made it clear that the King's employment of Catholic officers was â€Å"of the greatest concern to the rights of all your Majesty's dutiful and loyal subjects† and begged him to allay their â€Å"apprehens ions and jealousies†. On 20 November, James prorogued Parliament, realising that they would not agree to repeal the penal laws against Catholics. 1686: repeal of the Test Acts In April, in a collusive law case, Godden v Hales, the judges ruled that James II could dispense with the Test Acts without the consent of Parliament in individual cases.The King began to introduce Roman Catholics and some dissenters into the army, universities, and even posts within the Anglican Church. On 15 July an Ecclesiastical Commission was set up, to which the King's powers as Governor of the Church of England were delegated. This Commission could deprive the clergy of their functions, and one of its first acts was to suspend Henry Compton, Bishop of London, because he had refused to suspend a London clergyman who had preached against Roman Catholicism. A papal envoy was even received with honour in Whitehall.In Scotland, the Marquis of Queensberry was dismissed as Royal Commissioner when the Sco ttish Parliament also failed to repeal the Test Acts: He was replaced by a largely Roman Catholic administration. In these circumstances, it was not surprising that throughout 1686 a growing fear manifested itself among the King's subjects that James was plotting to impose his own religious views on the country. The author John Evelyn wrote in his diary, â€Å"The Lord Jesus defend his little flock and preserve this threatened Church and nation. Meanwhile, to secure a House of Commons that would support his policies, James began a campaign to appoint sympathetic electors. Deputy Lieutenants, Justices of the Peace and members of municipal corporations (who had the right to vote) were asked whether they would support candidates willing to repeal the penal laws and 1 2 the Duke of Monmouth was the illegitimate son of Charles II The Roman Catholic belief that bread and wine are changed into the body and blood of Jesus Christ 3 The Glorious Revolution House of Commons Information Office Factsheet G4Test Acts. On the basis of their answers, many were turned out, to be replaced with Roman Catholics and dissenters. 1687: Declaration of Indulgence On April 5 the King published a Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended all the religious penal laws: â€Å"We cannot but heartily wish, as it will easily be believed, that all the people of our Dominions were members of the Catholic Church, yet we humbly thank Almighty God that it is †¦ our opinion that conscience ought not to be constrained nor people forced in matters of mere religion. These were brave words, but James's heavy-handed insensitivity to the fears of the majority of his subjects, and his use of the Royal Prerogative without Parliamentary approval were causing deep unease.In July the King received Ferdinando d'Adda as official Papal Nuncio to the Court of St James. Throughout the rest of the year, the Lord Lieutenants were instructed to call together prominent local people and ask them, if they were t o be chosen as Members, whether they would approve the repeal of the penal laws, and other questions esigned to the same end. Most of the existing Lord Lieutenants refused to put these questions, and in August, nine were dismissed by the King. In any case, the surviving answers to the King's questions show an almost unanimous opposition among the prominent and influential local men who had been canvassed. 1688: the Glorious Revolution The Declaration of Indulgence was reissued by James on April 27 1688, and in an act of gross miscalculation he ordered Anglican clergy to read it from the pulpit to their congregations on two consecutive Sundays.On 18 May the Archbishop of Canterbury and six other bishops refused to read it and petitioned against the order, thus entering Whig history as the Seven Bishops. The petition requested the King to withdraw the order on the grounds that the foundation of his declaration of indulgence was illegal, being based on his suspending power, actions tha t had often been condemned by Parliament. On June 8 the Seven Bishops were arrested and sent to the Tower to await trial; two days after this, with very poor timing, the Queen gave birth to a son, James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales, who was baptised according to the Roman Catholic rite.The prospect of an unending Catholic dynasty ruling without Parliament gave rise to ugly rumours that the baby was no true prince but a substitute smuggled into the Queen's bed in a warming pan. When, a few days afterwards, on 30 June the Seven Bishops were acquitted by jury, huge crowds celebrated in the streets, burning effigies of the Pope, and attacking Catholic establishments. The same day, a â€Å"letter of invitation† was signed by seven prominent politicians (Shrewsbury, Devonshire, Danby, Lumley, the Bishop of London, Henry Sidney and Edward Russell).This invited William of Orange, Protestant son-in-law to James, to intervene to save both Church and State. In fact William had alread y made his decision to intervene, and on October 1 issued his manifesto from the Hague, listing at length the allegedly illegal actions of the last three years: â€Å"†¦ Therefore it is that we have thought fit to go over to England, and to carry with us a force sufficient, by the blessing of God, to defend us from the violence of those evil councillors ; and we, being desirous that our intention in this way may be rightly understood, have prepared this Declaration†¦ William landed at Torbay in Devon with about 15,000 (mostly Dutch) troops on November 5; the only successful large-scale landing in England since 1485. James still had his standing army, but the enthusiasm with which William was welcomed and the defections from James's 4 The Glorious Revolution House of Commons Information Office Factsheet G4 army strengthened William's hand. He entered London on December 19, and a few days later James II was allowed to escape for France. 1689: Bill of Rights On 22 January a new Parliament first met.This was known as the Convention Parliament although as it was summoned by William of Orange and not the King, was not strictly speaking a Parliament at all. On February 12, the Convention Parliament issued a Declaration of Rights (see Appendix) which sharply condemned the actions of James II and asserted what it described as â€Å"certain ancient rights and liberties†. The same day, Princess Mary, William's wife and James's elder daughter, arrived in London. Lord Halifax, the leader of the Lords, read the Declaration to both William and Mary on the next day, and then offered them the crown.The declaration was later embodied in the Bill of Rights passed by Parliament in December 1689: this further stipulated that the throne be occupied by a Protestant only and that the succession was to rest with (1) the heirs of Mary (2) the heirs of her sister Anne. Historical Interpretations The traditional Whig view of the Glorious Revolution is embodied in Thomas Babington Macaulay's The History of England from the accession of James the second, 1849-61. For Macaulay the revolution was â€Å"a vindication of our ancient rights† in which it was â€Å"finally decided †¦ hether the popular element, which had, ever since the age of Fitzwalter and de Montfort, been found in English polity, should be destroyed by the monarchical element, or should be suffered to develop itself freely and to become dominant. † Macaulay's view was that because England had had a preserving revolution in the seventeenth century she had been spared a destroying revolution in the nineteenth.As the contemporary philosopher John Locke had written, James II was guilty of breaking the â€Å"original contract† between sovereign and people, and had therefore suffered the just wrath of Parliament and people. The Whig view of the Glorious Revolution is therefore simply that it was a triumph for the purity of constitutional law over an outrageous attem pt at its perversion, a reaffirmation of the liberties of the English people. However, this interpretation of the Glorious Revolution has not gone unchallenged. To some twentieth century historians it has appeared as a respectable revolution, (e. g. Lucile Pinkham, William and the Respectable Revolution, 1954), involving just the ruling classes and leaving the monarchy in most respects unaltered, hardly a proper revolution at all.For example, the constitutional historian Mark Thompson wrote that apart from determining the succession, the Bill of Rights (which contained the clauses submitted for acceptance by William and Mary) did â€Å"little more than set forth certain points of existing laws and simply secured to Englishmen the rights of which they were already legally possessed†. 4 Others have been even more dismissive: the Russian historian, Viktor F Semenov, regarded it as a mere coup d'etat in its conservatism, its bloodlessness and its legalism5.This Marxist interpreta tion is given some weight by the fact that (for example) a point-by-point analysis of the Bill of Rights does reveal that in several aspects it is indeed a rather conservative document. It is a declaratory Act, reasserting ancient rights and restoring the monarchy with 3 4 5 in Two Treatises of Government 1688-89 Constitutional History of England, London, 1938 Perevorot 1688 [The Coup of 1688] in The English Bourgeois Revolution of the 17th century, Moscow, 1954 5 The Glorious Revolution House of Commons Information Office Factsheet G4 imitations which (it is possible to argue) differed in no major or significant way from the traditional ones. It is quite tempting to see the events of 1688 as a mere codicil to the interregnum6, of no major importance in themselves. However, this is misleading. The civil wars cannot be regarded as finally settling England's political future as a parliamentary monarchy. Neither, of course, can the Glorious Revolution of 1688. However, before 1688 it i s possible to see England as beginning to move towards absolutism on the French model.After 1688 this is stopped. The obvious cause of the Glorious Revolution was the stupidity and impatience of James II, who not only frightened the Anglican Church and laity by his moves towards a restoration of Popery, but managed to unite a wide variety of interests in opposition to his clumsy policies. However, it must be remembered that the Prince called in to save the situation had no desire for a weakened monarchy: the agreements of 1688-89 are not, therefore, obviously radical documents.But the fact they exist at all is of great importance. Any move towards popery or absolutism was stopped. Also the Declaration and Bill of Rights restricted the King's dispensing powers and his standing army, and insisted on the rights of a free Parliament. One development which did result from the Glorious Revolution was the transformation by William III of England's place in Europe and the wars that this inv olved, which led to a crucial loss of royal power and establishment of parliamentary supremacy.For instance the Triennial Act of 1694 required Parliaments to be summoned every three years , and thus prevented future monarchs from ruling without a parliament, a favourite practice of the Stuarts – but this is a development seen with hindsight. â€Å"Constitutional government has endured because it became a habit in the eighteenth century, not because it was established by revolution (great or small) in the seventeenth. â€Å"7 6 7 A period between monarchs, i. e. Charles II and William III J Western, Monarch and Revolution, 1972 The Glorious Revolution House of Commons Information Office Factsheet G4 Appendix A The Declaration of Rights: February 13 1689 Whereas the late King James the Second, by the assistance of divers evil counsellors, judges, and ministers employed by him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of the kin gdom. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws, and the execution of laws, without the consent of parliament.By committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates for humbly petitioning to be excused concurring to the said assumed power. By issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the Great Seal for erecting a court called the Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes. By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative, for other time and in other manner than the same was granted by parliament.By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without the consent of parliament and quartering soldiers contrary to the law. By causing several good subjects, being Protestants, to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to the law. By violating the freedom of election by members to serve in parliament. By prosecutions in the Court of King's Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in parliament; and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses.And whereas of late years, partial, corrupt, and unqualified persons have been returned and served on juries in trials, and particularly divers jurors in trials for high treason, which were not freeholders. Excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases, to elude the benefit of laws made for the liberty of the subjects. And excessive fines have been imposed; and illegal and cruel punishments inflicted. And several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures, before any conviction or judgment against the persons, upon whom the same were to be levied. 0. 11. 12. All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm. And whereas the said late King James the Second having abdicated the government and the throne being thereby vacant, his Highness the Prince of Orange (whom it hat h pleased Almighty God to make the glorious instrument of delivering this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power) did (by the advice of the lords spiritual and temporal, and divers rincipal persons of the Commons) cause letters to be written to the lords spiritual and temporal, being Protestants; and other letters to the several counties, cities, universities, boroughs, and Cinque Ports, for the choosing of such persons to represent them, as were of right to be sent to parliament, to meet and sit at Westminster upon January 22, 1689 . ..And thereupon the said lords spiritual and temporal and Commons . . . do in the first place (as their ancestors in like case have usually done) for the vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liberties, declare: 1. . That the pretended power of suspending of laws, or the execution of laws, by regal authority, without consent of parliament, is illegal. That the pretended power of dispensing with laws, or the execution of laws, by regal aut hority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal. 7 The Glorious Revolution House of Commons Information Office Factsheet G4 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. That the commission for erecting the late Courts of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes and courts of like nature are illegal and pernicious.That levying money for or to the use of the Crown, by pretence of prerogative, without grant of parliament, for longer time, or in other manner than the same is, or shall be granted, is illegal. That it is the right of the subjects to petition the King, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal. That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of parliament, is against law. That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law.That election of members of parliament ought to be free. That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of parliament. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed; nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. That jurors ought to be duly impannelled and returned, and jurors which pass upon men in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders.That all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons before conviction are illegal and void. And that for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, parliaments ought to be frequently held. And they do claim, demand, and insist upon all and singular the premises, as their undoubted rights and liberties; and that no declaration, judgments, doings or proceedings, to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises, ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequent of example.To which demands of their rights they are particularly enco uraged by the declaration of His Highness the Prince of Orange, as being the only means for obtaining a full redress and remedy therein. Having therefore an entire confidence that his said Highness the prince of Orange will perfect the deliverance so far advanced by him, and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights, which they have here asserted, and from all other attempts upon their religion, rights and liberties.The said Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, assembled at Westminster do resolve that William and Mary, Prince and Princess of Orange be, and be declared, King and Queen of England, France, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, to hold the Crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to them the said Prince and Princess during their lives, and the life of the survivor of them; and that the sole and full exercise of regal power be only in, and executed by the said Prince of Orange, in the names of the said Prince and Pr incess, during their joint lives; and after their deceases, the said Crown and royal dignity of the said Kingdoms and dominions to be to the heirs of the body of the said Princess; and for default of such issue to the Princess of Anne of Denmark and the heirs of her body; and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the said Prince of Orange. And the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and the Commons do pray the said Prince and Princess to accept the same accordingly.

Western Images on Asian Feminity essays

Western Images on Asian Feminity essays Pierre Lotis novel, Madame Chrysantheme, gives an intimate portrayal of 19th century Asian women, as stereotyped by Western society. Although the book is named in her behalf, the title character, Madame Chrysantheme, is only seen through the subjective eyes of the novels protagonist, the Narrator. Loti is able to depict the title character as a secondary role, presenting Madame Chrysantheme as the typical Japanese women of the time. By allowing her to fit into this part, Loti is able to convey the theme of Asian femininity throughout the pages, allowing the reader to discover for themselves the 19th century Western image of the Asian woman. Lotis use of Madame Chrysantheme as the title character is done in order to allow her to serve as a function for the novel. Distinctly not a main character, the Narrator, a sailor, takes Chrysantheme as his bride for a temporary marriage when he arrives in Nagasaki. Picking her for her Japanese aura, the Narrator chooses Chrysantheme as he would pick a souvenir from a shelf the one most defining of Japan. When his first match is not acceptable to him, he desires another immediately. In the same room is another available bride which is pointed out to him by fellow sailor, Yves. In my annoyance I had not observed her...The fact is, this one pleased me much better. Eyes with long lashes, rather narrow, but which would be called good in any country around the world...already more of a woman...Chrysantheme and I join hands...Who can tell how this strange arrangement shall work out? Is it a woman or a doll? The Narrator views Chrysantheme as an object throughout the majority of the novel, and regards her as property or a service he is paying for during his stay in Nagasaki. Not knowing the language fluently, this serves as a barrier between the Narrator and Chrysantheme allowing him to distant himself from her emotionally. He uses her, however, to f...

A Guide for Designers on the Construction

The Construction Design and Management 2015, which is also known as CDM 2015, were enacted into place in 6 th April 2015 replacing the CDM 2007. The main requirement in this act helps to provide legal requirements for the construction industry concerning the health and safety in the industry. In this view, the act helps to define the different roles of the people in the construction industry in maintaining the health and safety during working environment[1]. The CDM 2015 offers the HSE legal series and guidance on the construction industry and helps to keep the sector accident free. The HSE official has to take care of the initial conditions of the construction status and helps to control the hazards. Several rules do apply on the triangular house due to the advancement of the different hazards, which can be found on such site considering the working height. The regulations also defines requirement to have the perfect personnel for their rights jobs and be able to cooperate and coordinate the work with others. Moreover, the CDM 2015 helps the HSE official to convey the right information concerning the risks and the way to manage them at the site, help to pass the safety and health information to the right people perfectly and on time and be able to consult and engage other workers about the available risks and help to cooperate to come up with solutions on the risks[2]. In this view, the CDM 2015 requires the people to keep the construction industry accident free by maintaining the different aspects and safety issues. Triangular house must have a lift to enhance the movement due to its location that is near the road. The lift requires proper management and check up to ensure that it is secure and safe for use. In addition, it requires one to be able to pass the information concerning the risks available and help to define the solutions well. This legislation requires proper passing of information in order to enhance its effectiveness in the construction industry. The project manager has to design the proper channel for this communication and then pass it to the HSE personnel. The triangular house has several floors and therefore passing of information from one floor to another is difficult. The workers cannot be shouting to one another considering the noise at a working site. The CDM therefore stipulates for the existence of proper channel and method of communication to enhance passing of information. Through the talks, the proper message on CDM 2015 can therefore be passed and solution concerning the risks passed to the people. This will help to minimize some of the risks such as personal injuries, which can be sustained due to lack of concentration while working. In addition, passing the information that each person should be allocated the duties they are qualified on will help to minimize the injuries and risks. In addition, in order to effect this regulation effectively, workshops and trainings to ensure that workers are conversant with the tools and machines will help to attain the goals of this regulation[3]. This will ensure that proper and qualifi ed personals are allow to operate and perform their specific function, in relation with this regulation, the measure will help to reduce the cases of personal injuries and therefore providing a safe working environment. In conclusion, the client, HSE officer and project manager have great say in the health and safety of the triangular house and any other buildings as well.   In addition, the regulation can also be effected through holding proper meetings to plan and derive solutions for the available risks and problems[4]. The project manager can arrange to have these meeting and discuss the location of the specific parts such as the lift, which help to solve the problem issues. This will help to reduce risks, which may occur due to knocks by the objects on the air. Fire safety is a key element, which need to be considered in any development of a structure. Projects and measures to curb the future incidents of fire are made in advance and taken care of and provision of the key escape route of the people in the triangular house. Considering the amount of millions inserted in the development of structure of the triangular house, the fire safety becomes an important component, which must be addressed. Since the fire can destroy the structure in few hours, the addresses of the fire safety are an economical measure, which defines the incidents of fire, can be addressed to bring on minimal losses when they happen[5]. In this connection, the fire safety regulations are practices, which are brought on board to help reduce the destruction include the provision of escape routes which are enough to ensure proper evacuation. Since these regulations are meant to control both passive and active fire incidents, the provision of guidelines and warning helps to provide the solutions to fire incidents. Ignition prevention for the uncontrolled fire is one of the major design measure which is key in provision of the fire safety[6]. In order to protect the building from such incidents, the building facility is built in accordance with the building codes. Some of these key regulations include the definition of maximum occupancy of the building, maintaining of fire exits points in the triangular house and especially on the ground floor. Correct type of fore fighting machines such as fire extinguishers is essential to ensure that in case of any incident, the firefighting machines can be accessed easily on every floor[7]. In addition, the fire safety arrangement helps in providing the required alerts through the alarm systems. This ensures that people are able to evacuate the affected areas on time and therefore it shows the reason beyond its importance. The fire safety enhances the awareness of the main actions that need to be undertaken each time an incident happens. According to building fire safety regulations 2005, the rules help to reduce the obstruction, which might happen whenever the incident of fire happens[8]. The regulation provides the procedure through which the process has to take place and therefore reducing the casualties, which might happen. In addition, the floor plan must also have enough space, which must allow the movement of the people in the triangular house. The single staircase provided in the triangular house is not sufficient to allow the evacuation in case of internal fire on all the floors and emergency exits are required to ensure proper safety in case of fire. Moreover, the fire safety regulations help to define the type of structures that will be set up according to their use. In conclusion, the triangular house requires proper fire requirement for both external and internal fires. Considering it is a high-rise building, proper fire consideration is required and equipment is placed on order. This provision is provided according to the use of the structure and helps to define the duration, which the structure can withstand during fire incidents. In conclusion, the fire safety requirements have to be met because they are able to maintain the safety of structures and procedure of ensuring that all personnel in the buildings are safe. Bone, Stephen., & Great Britain. 2000. Designing for health and safety in construction: A guide for designers on the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994. Sudbury: HSE Books. Cassidy, Kevin A. 1992. Fire safety and loss prevention. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. Construction Industry Training Board (1963-2003). 1995. CDM: The view from here : the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations. London: CITB. Great Britain. 1995. Managing construction for health and safety: Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994. Sudbury, Suffolk [England: HSE Books. Hughes, Phil, and Ed Ferrett. 2016. Introduction to health and safety in construction: for the NEBOSH national certificate in construction health and safety. Joyce, Rose. 2001. The construction (design and management) regulations, 1994: Explained. Ludhra, Subash. 2015. Common sense guide to health and safety in construction. Construction Industry Training Board (1963-2003). 1995. CDM: The view from here : the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations. London: CITB. Rose, Joyce. 2001. The construction (design and management) regulations, 1994: Explained. Stephen, Bone., & Great Britain. 2000. Designing for health and safety in construction: A guide for designers on the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994. Sudbury: HSE Books. Great Britain. 1995. Managing construction for health and safety: Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994. Sudbury, Suffolk [England: HSE Books. Robert, Ratay T. 2012. Temporary structures in construction. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Education LLC. https://accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/temporary-structures-in-construction-third-edition. Subash, Ludhra. 2015. Common sense guide to health and safety in construction. Kevin, Cassidy A. 1992. Fire safety and loss prevention. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. Phil, Hughes, and Ferrett Ed. 2016. Introduction to health and safety in construction: for the NEBOSH national certificate in construction health and safety.

Traditional Management Systems VS. CRM And SCM Essay

Traditional Management Systems VS. CRM And SCM - Essay Example The paper shall first compare traditional management with CRM in the first section then secondly, it shall compare traditional management with SCM. In conclusion, it is evident that both customer relationship management systems and supply chain management systems create increased efficiency, achieve more costs savings and generate greater profits for organizations that implement them. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a strategy used to learn more about customers’ needs and behaviors in order to solidify their loyalty to the business’s offerings (Wailgum & Patton, 2011; â€Å"What Is CRM?,† 2010). This strategy enables businesses effectively utilize their resources to increase their knowledge of the behavior and value of their target customers. This increased insight enables businesses to identify and target the best customers, customization and/or personalize their products and services, track customer contacts, add cross-sell and upsell opportunities, reduce costs and increased overall profitability. CRM may mean different things to different industries but, ultimately, its purpose is to help organizations derive competitive advantages that will sustain their long-term profitability. This section shall differentiate traditional management systems from CRM in terms of differences in approaches, achieving efficiencies, costs savings, a nd firm profitability. Differences in approaches (empowering customers, becoming a trusted partner) A good example that could be used in comparing traditional management systems with CRM is the marketing function of an organization. Under traditional management systems the marketing was product-based and company focused. Management was more concerned with how much control they have on the message conveyed to the customer. In these cases the company was the active participant in the marketing process whereas the consumer was inactive or passive. In contrast under CRM, customers are empowered for example Dell customers can configure their computers prior to ordering through Dell’s website. CRM enables companies to ensure that only those products or services that consumers want are produced. This alters organizations’ marketing strategies from the traditional push to pull strategies. Furthermore, the increased consumer participation that is encouraged by CRM enables organ izations to understand their customer requirements better. This makes organizations that have CRM become more trusted partners than those firms that are stuck on traditional management systems. Achieving efficiencies CRM management systems are generally supported by information and technology (IT) solutions that are designed for the unification of customer information (Kumar, 2011). Where these solutions are well integrated with other business systems in an organization and /or with partner organizations, the company can be able to centralize all its customer information in a few IT applications. This means that senior management can easily be presented